Medical Tutorial #1: First Aid Kit Essentials

Preparation
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First Aid Kit Essentials

This is a test tutorial post.

Category: Preparation
Difficulty: Beginner

Supplies Needed

  • Bandages
  • Gauze
  • Antiseptic wipes

Part of the Medical & OPSEC Series.

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Medical Tutorial #2: Wilderness First Aid — MARCH Protocol, Bleeding Control, CPR

:warning: MEDICAL DISCLAIMER: This guide is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Wilderness first aid training from certified instructors (WFA, WFR, or equivalent) is strongly recommended before relying on these techniques in real situations. Always seek professional medical care as soon as possible.

The MARCH Protocol

MARCH is the primary assessment sequence used in tactical and wilderness medicine.

M — Massive Hemorrhage

  • Check for life-threatening bleeding FIRST
  • Apply direct pressure immediately
  • Apply tourniquet if bleeding does not stop

A — Airway

  • Ensure airway is open and clear
  • Head-tilt/chin-lift or jaw-thrust maneuver

R — Respiration

  • Assess breathing quality and rate
  • Normal: 12-20 breaths/minute

C — Circulation

  • Check pulse, skin signs, perfusion
  • Treat shock: keep warm, elevate legs

H — Hypothermia/Head

  • Prevent heat loss
  • Assess AVPU scale

Bleeding Control

Tourniquets

  • Place 2-3 inches above wound
  • Tighten until bleeding stops
  • Note the time applied

Pressure Dressings

  • Apply sterile gauze directly to wound
  • Wrap with elastic bandage
  • Elevate limb if possible

Wound Packing

  • Pack gauze deeply into wound cavity
  • Apply firm pressure for 3+ minutes

CPR Basics (Compression-Only)

  1. Ensure scene safety
  2. Check responsiveness
  3. Call for help
  4. Compress hard and fast:
    • Depth: 2+ inches
    • Rate: 100-120/min
    • Allow full recoil

Fracture Stabilization

  • Immobilize joint above AND below fracture
  • Assess circulation before/after splinting
  • Use improvised materials: trekking poles, branches, rolled clothing

Burn Treatment

  1. Stop burning process
  2. Cool with water 10-20 min (no ice)
  3. Clean gently, apply non-adherent dressing
  4. Avoid: butter, oil, popping blisters

What NOT to Do

:cross_mark: Remove impaled objects
:cross_mark: Use narrow tourniquet materials
:cross_mark: Straighten bones
:cross_mark: Apply home remedies to burns
:cross_mark: Delay evacuation for serious injuries

When to Seek Professional Help

Immediate: Uncontrolled bleeding, altered mental status, breathing difficulty, chest/abdominal wounds, major bone deformities, severe burns

Within 24h: Stable fractures, deep wounds needing stitches, signs of infection

Recommended Training

  • WFA (16-20 hours) — Weekend warriors
  • WFR (70-80 hours) — Guides, extended trips
  • NOLS Wilderness Medicine — nols.edu/wilderness-medicine
  • American Red Cross — redcross.org

Sources: American Red Cross, FEMA, NOLS Wilderness Medicine
Last updated: March 2026

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Medical Tutorial #2: Wound Care and Infection Prevention

Difficulty: Intermediate
Time to Complete: 45-60 minutes

Overview

Proper wound care is one of the most critical first aid skills. Most wound complications result from improper initial care rather than the injury itself.

Key Topics Covered:

  1. Wound Assessment - Classifying abrasions, lacerations, punctures, avulsions
  2. Bleeding Control - Direct pressure, elevation, tourniquet use
  3. Cleaning Protocol - Irrigation, debris removal, antiseptic use
  4. Dressing Selection - Choosing appropriate dressings for wound types
  5. Infection Monitoring - Recognizing warning signs early
  6. Special Cases - Puncture wounds, animal bites, burns, embedded objects

When to Seek Professional Care:

  • Bleeding does not stop after 10-15 minutes of direct pressure
  • Wound is deeper than 1/4 inch or you can see fat, muscle, or bone
  • Signs of infection develop (redness spreading, pus, fever, red streaks)
  • Animal or human bite
  • Tetanus vaccination is not current

Quick Reference: Infection Warning Signs

Sign Severity
Redness spreading Early warning
Increasing pain/swelling Early warning
Pus or discharge Active infection
Red streaks from wound EMERGENCY
Fever over 100.4°F Systemic infection

This is Tutorial #2 of the Medical Preparedness Series. Full detailed guide available upon request.

Sources: American Red Cross First Aid/CPR Manual (2025), CDC Wound Care Guidelines, WHO Basic Emergency Care

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Medical Tutorial #3: Building a Medical Preparedness Plan

Difficulty: Intermediate
Time to Complete: 60-90 minutes

Overview

A comprehensive medical preparedness plan ensures your family can handle health emergencies when professional care may be delayed or unavailable.

Key Components:

  1. Risk Assessment - Identify likely medical scenarios for your situation
  2. Supply Inventory - Catalog all medical supplies and medications
  3. Skill Development - Training priorities for family members
  4. Communication Plan - Emergency contacts and medical information
  5. Evacuation vs. Shelter - When to stay vs. when to leave

Medical Information Cards (Essential for Each Family Member):

  • Blood type and Rh factor
  • Allergies (medications, foods, environmental)
  • Current medications and dosages
  • Medical conditions
  • Primary care physician contact
  • Insurance information
  • Emergency contacts

Training Priority Order:

  1. CPR and rescue breathing
  2. Bleeding control and tourniquet use
  3. Wound cleaning and dressing
  4. Recognizing emergency warning signs
  5. Medication administration basics

This is Tutorial #3 of the Medical Preparedness Series.

Sources: American Red Cross, FEMA Medical Preparedness Guidelines, WHO Emergency Care Systems

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Medical Tutorial #4: CPR and Rescue Breathing Basics

Difficulty: Intermediate
Time to Complete: 45-60 minutes (plus hands-on practice)

:warning: Critical Note

CPR requires hands-on training. This tutorial provides overview knowledge but cannot replace certified CPR courses. Find a local American Red Cross or AHA CPR class.

Overview

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a life-saving technique used when someone’s heart or breathing has stopped. Immediate CPR can double or triple survival rates.

When to Perform CPR:

  • Person is unresponsive (does not wake when shaken and shouted at)
  • No normal breathing (gasping is not normal breathing)
  • No pulse (for trained rescuers)

Adult CPR Protocol (C-A-B):

1. COMPRESSIONS (C)

  • Hand position: Center of chest, lower half of breastbone
  • Depth: At least 2 inches (5 cm)
  • Rate: 100-120 compressions per minute
  • Allow full chest recoil between compressions
  • Minimize interruptions

2. AIRWAY (A)

  • Tilt head back, lift chin
  • Clear visible obstructions only

3. BREATHING (B)

  • Pinch nose, seal mouth over victim mouth
  • Give 2 breaths (1 second each)
  • Watch for chest rise
  • Ratio: 30 compressions : 2 breaths

Hands-Only CPR (Untrained Rescuers):

If you are not trained in rescue breathing:

  • Call emergency services
  • Push hard and fast in center of chest
  • Continue until help arrives or person wakes
  • Rate: 100-120 per minute (think Stayin Alive beat)

Special Considerations:

Situation Modification
Child (1-8 years) One hand, 1/3 chest depth
Infant (under 1) Two fingers, 1.5 inch depth
Drowning Start with 2 rescue breaths first
Opioid overdose Administer naloxone if available

When to Stop CPR:

  • Person shows signs of life (breathing, movement)
  • AED is ready to analyze
  • Trained help takes over
  • You are too exhausted to continue
  • Scene becomes unsafe

This is Tutorial #4 of the Medical Preparedness Series. Strongly recommend certified CPR training.

Sources: American Heart Association CPR Guidelines (2025), American Red Cross CPR/AED Manual

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Medical Tutorial #5: Treating Burns, Fractures, and Sprains

Difficulty: Intermediate
Time to Complete: 45-60 minutes

Overview

Burns, fractures, and sprains are common injuries requiring proper immediate care to prevent complications and promote healing.

BURN TREATMENT

Burn Classification:

Degree Appearance Pain Level Treatment Setting
First Red, dry, no blisters Painful Home care
Second Blisters, wet/shiny Very painful Medical if large
Third White/charred, leathery Little pain (nerve damage) Emergency

Minor Burn Protocol:

  1. Cool immediately - Run cool (not cold) water for 10-15 minutes
  2. Remove constricting items - Jewelry, tight clothing before swelling
  3. Do NOT break blisters - Intact blisters prevent infection
  4. Apply moisturizer - Aloe vera or fragrance-free lotion
  5. Cover loosely - Non-stick sterile dressing
  6. Pain management - OTC pain relievers as needed

Seek Medical Care If:

  • Burn is larger than palm of hand
  • On face, hands, feet, genitals, or major joints
  • Electrical or chemical burn
  • Signs of infection develop

FRACTURE MANAGEMENT

Signs of Fracture:

  • Severe pain at injury site
  • Visible deformity or unusual angle
  • Swelling and bruising
  • Inability to move or bear weight
  • Grinding sensation or sound
  • Bone protruding through skin (open fracture)

Immediate Care Protocol:

  1. Stop any bleeding - Apply pressure around (not on) protruding bone
  2. Immobilize - Splint in position found, immobilize joints above and below
  3. Apply cold - Ice pack wrapped in cloth, 20 minutes on/off
  4. Elevate - If possible, reduces swelling
  5. Seek medical care - X-ray needed for proper diagnosis

DO NOT:

  • Try to straighten or realign the bone
  • Move the person unless necessary for safety
  • Give food or drink (may need surgery)

SPRAIN AND STRAIN CARE (R.I.C.E.)

Rest - Avoid using injured area
Ice - 20 minutes every 2-3 hours for first 48 hours
Compression - Elastic bandage, snug but not tight
Elevation - Above heart level when possible

When to See a Doctor:

  • Cannot bear any weight
  • Severe pain or swelling
  • Numbness or tingling
  • No improvement after 2-3 days
  • Suspected fracture

This is Tutorial #5 of the Medical Preparedness Series.

Sources: American Red Cross, Mayo Clinic, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons

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Medical Tutorial Series: Quick Reference Summary

Complete Tutorial Index

Tutorial Topic Difficulty Key Skills
#1 First Aid Kit Essentials Beginner Supply selection, organization, maintenance
#2 Wound Care & Infection Prevention Intermediate Cleaning, dressing, infection recognition
#3 Building Medical Preparedness Plan Intermediate Risk assessment, family planning, documentation
#4 CPR & Rescue Breathing Intermediate Compressions, rescue breaths, AED awareness
#5 Burns, Fractures & Sprains Intermediate Burn classification, immobilization, RICE

Emergency Quick Reference

BLEEDING CONTROL:

  1. Direct pressure (10 minutes uninterrupted)
  2. Elevate if possible
  3. Add layers, do not remove soaked material
  4. Tourniquet for life-threatening limb bleeding

CPR (Adult):

  • 30 compressions : 2 breaths
  • Depth: 2+ inches, Rate: 100-120/min
  • Hands-only CPR is acceptable if untrained

BURN CARE:

  • Cool water 10-15 minutes
  • Do NOT break blisters
  • Cover loosely with sterile dressing

FRACTURE SIGNS:

  • Deformity, severe pain, inability to move
  • Immobilize in position found
  • Seek X-ray confirmation

INFECTION WARNING SIGNS:

  • Spreading redness, warmth, swelling
  • Pus or foul odor
  • Red streaks = EMERGENCY
  • Fever = systemic infection

Recommended Training

  1. American Red Cross - First Aid/CPR/AED certification
  2. Stop the Bleed - Bleeding control techniques
  3. Wilderness First Aid - Extended care scenarios
  4. Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) - Disaster preparedness

Next Tutorials Coming Soon:

  • Survival Medicine & Improvisation
  • Dental Emergency Management
  • Mental Health Crisis Response
  • Sanitation & Disease Prevention
  • Medication Stockpiling (Legal Guidelines)
  • Emergency Warning Signs Recognition

Medical Preparedness Series - Vivaed @ endscenar.io

Disclaimer: These tutorials are for educational purposes only and do not replace professional medical training or advice. Always seek qualified healthcare providers for medical concerns.

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Medical Preparedness: Building a Family Emergency Medical PlanDifficulty: Intermediate

Time to Complete: 45-60 minutes—### OverviewA comprehensive medical plan ensures your family can handle health emergencies when professional care may be delayed. This guide covers creating customized medical plans for your household.—### FAMILY MEDICAL ASSESSMENTInventory Your Household:| Person | Age | Medical Conditions | Medications | Allergies | Special Needs ||--------|-----|-------------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|| Example: Dad | 45 | Type 2 Diabetes | Metformin | Penicillin | Glucose monitor || Example: Mom | 42 | Asthma | Albuterol inhaler | None | Nebulizer || Example: Child 1 | 8 | None | None | Bee stings | EpiPen needed || Example: Child 2 | 5 | Seizure disorder | Keppra | Sulfa drugs | Emergency protocol |Create Medical Information Cards:For each family member, prepare wallet cards with:- Full name and date of birth- Blood type (if known)- Allergies (medications, foods, environmental)- Current medications and dosages- Medical conditions- Primary care physician contact- Insurance information- Emergency contacts (2-3 people)- Health insurance ID number—### MEDICAL SUPPLY INVENTORYCategory 1: Wound Care- Adhesive bandages (various sizes)- Sterile gauze pads (4x4, 2x2)- Medical tape (cloth and paper)- Elastic bandages (ACE wraps)- Non-stick pads (Telfa)- Antiseptic wipes- Antibiotic ointment- Hydrogen peroxide- Povidone-iodine- Tweezers (straight and curved)- Trauma shears- Irrigation syringes (35ml)Category 2: Medications- Pain relievers (acetaminophen, ibuprofen, aspirin)- Antihistamines (Benadryl, Zyrtec)- Anti-diarrheal (Imodium)- Antacids- Cough suppressants- Decongestants- Hydrocortisone cream- Burn cream- Electrolyte packetsCategory 3: Medical Equipment- Digital thermometer- Blood pressure monitor- Pulse oximeter- Glucose monitor (if diabetic)- Stethoscope (optional, requires training)- Splints (SAM splints)- Triangular bandages (slings)- Tourniquet (CAT or SOF-T)- Hemostatic gauze- Emergency blanketCategory 4: Prescription Medications- Maintain 90-day supply minimum- Rotate before expiration- Store properly (temperature, light)- Keep original containers with labels- Include dosage instructions—### EMERGENCY PROTOCOLSBleeding Emergency:1. Apply direct pressure2. Elevate if possible3. Add layers, don’t remove soaked material4. Apply tourniquet for life-threatening limb bleeding5. Note time of tourniquet application6. Seek emergency careAllergic Reaction:1. Remove allergen if possible2. Administer antihistamine for mild reactions3. Use EpiPen for severe reactions (anaphylaxis)4. Call emergency services5. Monitor breathing6. Second EpiPen after 5-15 minutes if neededSeizure:1. Clear area of dangerous objects2. Don’t restrain the person3. Don’t put anything in mouth4. Time the seizure5. Turn on side after seizure ends6. Call emergency if: first seizure, >5 minutes, injury, pregnantBurn:1. Cool water for 10-15 minutes2. Don’t break blisters3. Cover with sterile non-stick dressing4. Don’t apply ointments initially5. Seek care for large burns, face/hands/feet/genitalsFracture/Sprain:1. Immobilize in position found2. Apply cold pack3. Elevate if possible4. Don’t try to straighten5. Seek X-ray confirmation—### COMMUNICATION PLANEmergency Contacts:- Primary care physician- Local emergency room- Poison control: 1-800-222-1222- Family emergency contact (out of area)- Neighbor/friend nearby- Insurance companyMeeting Points:- Primary: Home (if safe)- Secondary: Nearby landmark- Tertiary: Out of neighborhoodCommunication Methods:- Text messages (often work when calls don’t)- Signal/encrypted messaging- Social media check-in- Out-of-area contact as relayMedical Information Sharing:- Keep copies of medical records- Know pharmacy locations- Have insurance cards accessible- Know hospital locations—### TRAINING REQUIREMENTSEssential Training (All Adults):- CPR/AED certification (renew every 2 years)- Basic first aid course- Bleeding control (Stop the Bleed)- Recognizing emergency warning signsRecommended Training:- Wilderness First Aid- EMT-Basic course- Pediatric first aid (for parents)- Mental health first aidPractice Scenarios:- Monthly first aid drills- Review emergency protocols quarterly- Test communication plan annually- Update medical information yearly—### SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONSInfants/Children:- Child-sized equipment- Weight-based medication dosing- Pediatric CPR training- Child-proof storage- Comfort items for stressElderly Family Members:- Mobility considerations- Multiple medications management- Medical equipment power needs- Evacuation assistance- Cognitive considerationsChronic Conditions:- Diabetes: insulin storage, glucose monitoring- Heart disease: nitroglycerin, aspirin- Respiratory: inhalers, nebulizer power- Kidney disease: dialysis considerations- Autoimmune: immunosuppression precautionsPets:- Pet first aid kit- Veterinarian contact- Pet medications- Evacuation plan for pets—### DOCUMENTATIONMedical Binder:- Family medical history- Current medications list- Allergy information- Insurance cards (copies)- Physician contacts- Immunization records- Emergency protocols- Hospital directionsDigital Backup:- Encrypted cloud storage- Password-protected files- Accessible from multiple devices- Regular updatesPhysical Copies:- In medical kit- In vehicle- With emergency contact- In go-bag—### REGULAR MAINTENANCEMonthly:- Check expiration dates- Restock used items- Verify equipment function- Review protocolsQuarterly:- Practice emergency scenarios- Update contact information- Review training status- Assess supply levelsAnnually:- Complete CPR recertification- Full inventory audit- Update medical information cards- Review and revise plan—### QUICK REFERENCE: Emergency Decision TreeIs the person breathing?- No → Start CPR, call 911- Yes → Continue assessmentIs there severe bleeding?- Yes → Apply pressure/tourniquet, call 911- No → Continue assessmentIs the person conscious?- No → Monitor breathing, recovery position, call 911- Yes → Ask what happened, assess injuriesWhen to Call 911:- Unconscious or altered mental status- Difficulty breathing- Severe bleeding- Chest pain- Severe allergic reaction- Major trauma- Stroke symptoms (FAST)- Seizure >5 minutes or first seizure—Medical Preparedness Series - Vivaed @ endscenar.ioSources: American Red Cross, American Heart Association, CDC Emergency Preparedness, FEMA Family Emergency Planning

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Medical Tutorial #6: Survival Medicine - Improvising Medical SuppliesDifficulty: Advanced

Time to Complete: 60-90 minutes—### :warning: Critical NoteImprovisation should only be used when proper medical supplies are unavailable. These techniques are for survival/emergency situations where professional care is inaccessible.—### OverviewIn survival or disaster situations, you may not have access to standard medical supplies. This tutorial covers improvising critical medical items using common materials.—### IMPROVISED BANDAGES & DRESSINGSClean Cloth Alternatives:| Material | Best Use | Preparation ||----------|----------|-------------|| Clean cotton t-shirt | Wound dressing, bandage | Wash thoroughly, boil if possible || Bedsheet/pillowcase | Large dressings, slings | Use cleanest section || Sanitary pads/tampons | Highly absorbent dressing | Wrapper = sterile || Coffee filters | Wound padding | Multiple layers |Sterilization Methods:- Boil in water 10+ minutes- Iron on highest heat (dry)- Bake at 300°F for 30 minutes- Sun-dry (UV has some effect)—### IMPROVISED SPLINTSMaterials:- Cardboard (folded for rigidity)- Rolled magazines/newspapers- Sticks or branches (padded)- SAM splint alternatives (aluminum foil + padding)Application:1. Pad the splint material2. Immobilize joint above AND below injury3. Secure with cloth strips, tape, or bandages4. Check circulation after application5. Re-check every 30 minutes initially—### IMPROVISED ANTISEPTICS| Substance | Use | Preparation ||-----------|-----|-------------|| Salt water | Wound irrigation | 1 tsp salt per cup boiled water || Honey | Wound dressing (antibacterial) | Medical grade preferred || Sugar | Wound packing (draws out moisture) | Pack into wound, cover || Vinegar | Cleaning (diluted) | 1 part vinegar to 3 parts water || Charcoal | Poison absorption | Activated charcoal preferred |Warning: These are inferior to commercial antiseptics. Use only when nothing else is available.—### IMPROVISED MEDICAL TOOLSTweezers:- Eyebrow tweezers (clean with alcohol)- Modified pocket knife (sterilized)- Needle-nose pliers (cleaned thoroughly)Scissors/Shears:- Kitchen scissors (dedicated to medical)- Pocket knife (sterilized)- Razor blade (use carefully)Syringe/Irrigation:- Turkey baster (clean, boiled)- Squeeze bottle with small opening- Plastic bag with corner cutThermometer:- No good improvisation exists- Monitor for fever symptoms instead- Feel forehead (crude but indicates fever)—### IMPROVISED MEDICATIONSPain Relief:- Willow bark tea (contains salicin, aspirin precursor)- Clove oil for tooth pain- Cold compress for inflammationDigestive Issues:- Ginger tea for nausea- Peppermint tea for upset stomach- Rice water (starchy water) for diarrhea- Charcoal for poisoning (activated preferred)Skin Conditions:- Aloe vera for burns- Oatmeal bath for itching- Baking soda paste for insect bites- Coconut oil for moisturizing—### IMPROVISED EQUIPMENTStretcher:- Two poles + jacket/shirt (thread poles through sleeves)- Blanket or tarp rolled around poles- Door removed from hinges (emergency only)Wheelchair:- Sturdy chair + helper pushing- Cart or wagon with paddingCrutch:- Sturdy stick (armpit to floor measurement)- Pad the top generously- Learn proper gait before relying on it—### QUICK REFERENCE: Improvisation PriorityCan Improvise (Short-term):- Bandages and dressings- Splints and slings- Basic antiseptics- Simple toolsCannot Safely Improvise:- Sterile surgical conditions- Prescription medications- Complex medical devices- Long-term treatments—Medical Preparedness Series - Tutorial #6Sources: Where There Is No Doctor, Wilderness Medical Society, Military Field Medicine Manuals

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Medical Tutorial #7: Dental Emergency ManagementDifficulty: Intermediate

Time to Complete: 45-60 minutes—### OverviewDental emergencies can be extremely painful and lead to serious infections. This tutorial covers handling common dental emergencies when professional care is delayed.—### KNOCKED-OUT TOOTHCritical: Act within 30-60 minutes****Protocol:1. Find the tooth - handle by crown ONLY (not root)2. Rinse gently with milk or water (don’t scrub)3. Try to reinsert in socket immediately4. If can’t reinsert, store in milk or saliva5. See dentist within 1 hour for best outcomeDO NOT:- Touch the root- Scrub or clean with soap- Let tooth dry out- Store in water (damages root cells)—### TOOTHACHEImmediate Relief:- Rinse with warm salt water- Floss to remove trapped food- Cold compress on cheek (15 min on/off)- Clove oil on cotton ball (natural anesthetic)- OTC pain relievers as directedWarning Signs (Seek Care):- Swelling in face or jaw- Fever with tooth pain- Difficulty swallowing or breathing- Pain lasting more than 1-2 days—### BROKEN/CRACKED TOOTHImmediate Care:- Rinse mouth with warm water- Save any broken pieces- Cover sharp edges with wax or sugarless gum- Avoid chewing on that side- See dentist within 24 hoursIf Pulp Exposed (pink/red center visible):- Cover with temporary dental cement- Avoid hot/cold foods- Urgent dental care needed—### DENTAL ABSCESSSigns:- Severe, throbbing pain- Swelling in gum or face- Bad taste in mouth- Fever- Swollen lymph nodesEmergency Care:- Salt water rinses (1 tsp salt per cup warm water)- Don’t apply heat (spreads infection)- Don’t try to drain yourself- Seek dental/medical care immediatelyDanger: Untreated abscess can spread to brain, neck, or bloodstream—### LOST FILLING OR CROWNTemporary Fix:- Dental cement from pharmacy- Denture adhesive (temporary)- Sugarless gum (very temporary)- Avoid chewing on that sideFor Crown:- Clean inside of crown- Try to reseat with dental cement- Don’t use superglue—### DENTAL EMERGENCY KITEssential Items:- Temporary dental cement- Dental wax- Clove oil- Salt (for rinses)- Small container with lid (for knocked-out tooth)- Cotton balls and gauze- OTC pain relievers- Dentist contact information—Medical Preparedness Series - Tutorial #7Sources: American Dental Association, Mayo Clinic Dental Emergencies, Wilderness Dental Care Guidelines

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Medical Tutorial #8: Mental Health in Crisis

Crises take a significant toll on mental health. This tutorial covers coping strategies.

Normal Stress Responses

Physical: Fatigue, headaches, sleep problems

Emotional: Fear, anxiety, sadness, anger

Cognitive: Confusion, difficulty concentrating

Behavioral: Withdrawal, appetite changes

Coping Strategies

  • Focus on basic needs
  • Stay connected with loved ones
  • Maintain simple routines
  • Practice deep breathing
  • Get adequate sleep
  • Help others when possible

Warning Signs (Seek Help)

  • Thoughts of suicide or self-harm
  • Inability to care for basic needs
  • Persistent depression (2+ weeks)
  • Panic attacks interfering with life
  • Substance abuse increasing

Crisis Resources (US)

  • Suicide Prevention: 988
  • Crisis Text Line: Text HOME to 741741
  • Disaster Distress: 1-800-985-5990

Medical Preparedness Series - Tutorial #8

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Medical Tutorial #9: Medical Record Backup & Portability

Difficulty: Beginner
Time to Complete: 30-45 minutes

Overview

Having accessible medical records can be life-saving during emergencies. This tutorial covers creating, backing up, and maintaining portable medical records.

ESSENTIAL MEDICAL INFORMATION

One-Page Summary Should Include:

Personal Info: Full name, DOB, blood type, height, weight

Emergency Contacts: 2-3 contacts with phone numbers

Healthcare Providers: Primary care physician, specialists, preferred hospital

Insurance: Provider name, policy number, group number

Medical Information:

  • Allergies (medications, foods, environmental)
  • Current medications (name, dose, frequency)
  • Medical conditions
  • Past surgeries
  • Implants/devices
  • Vaccinations

BACKUP STRATEGIES

Physical Copies:

  • Fireproof/waterproof container at home
  • Copy in vehicle emergency kit
  • Copy in go-bag
  • Give copy to emergency contact

Digital Copies:

  • Encrypted USB drive
  • Password-protected cloud storage
  • Medical records apps

OBTAINING RECORDS

Your Rights:

  • You have right to your medical records
  • Providers must provide within 30 days
  • Can request electronic format

How to Request:

  1. Contact medical records department
  2. Complete release form
  3. Specify what records you need
  4. Choose format (paper or electronic)

EMERGENCY ACCESS

Medical ID Options:

  • Wallet card with key information
  • Medical alert bracelet/necklace
  • Smartphone medical ID (iOS Health, Android Emergency Info)

What First Responders Need:

  • Allergies (especially medications)
  • Current medications
  • Major conditions
  • Emergency contact
  • Blood type

Medical Preparedness Series - Tutorial #9

Sources: HIPAA Guidelines, AHIMA, CDC Personal Health Records

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Medical Tutorial #10: Prescription Medication Stockpiling (Legal Methods)

Difficulty: Intermediate
Time to Complete: 45-60 minutes

:warning: Legal & Medical Notice

This tutorial covers LEGAL methods only. Always work with healthcare providers.

Overview

Having adequate supply of prescription medications is critical for chronic conditions during emergencies.

LEGAL STRATEGIES

Work With Your Provider:

  • Request 90-day prescriptions
  • Ask about emergency backup prescriptions
  • Discuss storage requirements
  • Get written documentation for travel

Insurance:

  • Many plans allow 90-day supplies
  • Mail-order pharmacies often provide 90-day
  • Some allow early refill for travel/emergency

State Emergency Laws:

  • Many states allow emergency refills during disasters
  • Pharmacist can provide 3-30 day emergency supply
  • Varies by state and medication type
  • Controlled substances often excluded

PRIORITY MEDICATIONS

Critical (Life-Sustaining):

  • Heart medications (Lisinopril, Metoprolol)
  • Diabetes meds (Insulin, Metformin)
  • Seizure meds (Keppra, Lamictal)
  • Thyroid meds (Levothyroxine)
  • Blood thinners (Warfarin, Eliquis)

Important:

  • Mental health (SSRIs)
  • Asthma inhalers
  • Hormone therapy
  • Pain management

STORAGE & ROTATION

Proper Storage:

  • Original containers with labels
  • Cool, dry place (not bathroom)
  • Follow specific requirements
  • Away from children/pets

Rotation:

  • Track expiration dates
  • Use oldest first (FIFO)
  • Replace before expiration
  • Keep 2-week emergency kit separate

TRAVEL PREPAREDNESS

  • Carry in original containers
  • Bring 1+ week extra supply
  • Keep in carry-on (never checked)
  • Know medication legality for international travel
  • Carry doctor letter for controlled substances

BUILDING SUPPLY

Gradual Approach:

  • Month 1-2: Request 90-day instead of 30-day
  • Month 3-6: Build 30-day emergency buffer
  • Month 6-12: Work toward 90-day emergency supply

Never:

  • Skip doses to build supply
  • Obtain from multiple providers
  • Share medications

Medical Preparedness Series - Tutorial #10

Sources: FDA Medication Storage, CDC Emergency Preparedness, State Pharmacy Boards

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Medical Tutorial #11: Recognizing Emergency Warning Signs

Difficulty: Beginner
Time to Complete: 30-45 minutes

:warning: Medical Disclaimer

This content is for informational purposes only, NOT medical advice. In case of emergency, call 911 immediately.

LIFE-THREATENING EMERGENCIES (Call 911)

Heart Attack Symptoms:

  • Chest pain/pressure (squeezing, fullness)
  • Radiating pain (arms, back, neck, jaw)
  • Shortness of breath
  • Cold sweat, nausea
  • Lightheadedness

Women May Experience: Shortness of breath, back/jaw pain, extreme fatigue, nausea

Action: Call 911. Dont drive yourself. Chew aspirin if not allergic.

Stroke Warning Signs (FAST):

F - FACE DROOPING (one side droops)
A - ARM WEAKNESS (one arm drifts down)
S - SPEECH DIFFICULTY (slurred, strange)
T - TIME TO CALL 911

Other Signs: Sudden numbness, confusion, vision trouble, walking difficulty, severe headache

Severe Bleeding:

  • Blood spurting or soaking through bandages
  • Bleeding doesnt stop after 10 minutes pressure
  • Deep wounds, amputations
  • Head, neck, chest, abdomen bleeding

Action: Direct pressure. Tourniquet for life-threatening limb bleeding.

Breathing Emergencies:

  • Not breathing or gasping
  • Severe difficulty breathing
  • Choking (cant speak/cough/breathe)
  • Blue/gray lips or face

Altered Mental Status:

  • Unconscious or unresponsive
  • Confusion, disorientation
  • Seizure more than 5 minutes
  • First-time seizure

URGENT CARE (Within Hours)

Go to ER/Urgent Care For:

  • Fever over 103F, or any fever in infant under 3 months
  • Severe abdominal pain or headache
  • Possible broken bones, deep cuts
  • Head injury with symptoms
  • Dehydration (cant keep fluids down)
  • Allergic reaction with swelling

SPECIAL POPULATIONS

Infants - Seek Care For:

  • Any fever under 3 months (100.4F+)
  • Difficulty breathing
  • Dehydration (no wet diapers 6+ hours)
  • Unusual drowsiness

Elderly - Seek Care For:

  • Sudden confusion or behavior change
  • Falls (even without injury)
  • Not eating/drinking

Pregnant - Seek Care For:

  • Vaginal bleeding
  • Severe abdominal pain or headache
  • Vision changes
  • Decreased fetal movement

Medical Preparedness Series - Tutorial #11

Sources: American Red Cross, American Heart Association, CDC Emergency Guidelines

16

Medical Tutorial #12: Vaccination & Immunity Basics

Difficulty: Beginner
Time to Complete: 30-45 minutes

:warning: Medical Disclaimer

This content is for informational purposes only, NOT medical advice. Always consult healthcare professionals.

HOW IMMUNITY WORKS

Immune Response:

  1. Exposure - Pathogen enters body
  2. Response - White blood cells attack, antibodies produced
  3. Memory - Immune system remembers pathogen
  4. Protection - Faster response to future exposures

ADULT VACCINATIONS

Routine:

  • Tdap/Td: Every 10 years
  • Flu: Annual
  • COVID-19: As recommended
  • Shingles (Shingrix): 2 doses after age 50
  • Pneumococcal: Age 65+ or high-risk

Risk-Based:

  • Hepatitis A/B: Travelers, certain conditions
  • Meningococcal: College, military, travelers
  • MMR: Born after 1957, no immunity
  • HPV: Through age 26 (sometimes 45)

CHILDHOOD VACCINES

Key Vaccines (Birth-18):

  • Hepatitis B (birth, 1-2mo, 6-18mo)
  • DTaP (2, 4, 6, 15-18mo, 4-6yr)
  • MMR (12-15mo, 4-6yr)
  • Varicella (12-15mo, 4-6yr)
  • Polio (2, 4, 6-18mo, 4-6yr)
  • Tdap (11-12yr)
  • HPV (11-12yr)
  • Meningococcal (11-12yr, booster 16yr)

VACCINE STORAGE

Refrigerated: 35-46F (2-8C)
Frozen: -58F to +5F (-50C to -15C)

During Power Outages:

  • Keep fridge/freezer closed
  • Use coolers with ice packs
  • Monitor temperature
  • Discard if temperature exceeded

RECORD KEEPING

Document:

  • Vaccine name, date, lot number
  • Manufacturer, administration site
  • Provider information

Store:

  • Physical copy in medical binder
  • Digital scan (encrypted backup)
  • Copy in go-bag

VACCINE SAFETY

Common Side Effects (Normal):

  • Soreness at injection site
  • Mild fever, fatigue
  • Headache, muscle aches

Seek Care For:

  • Severe allergic reaction
  • High fever
  • Seizures

Medical Preparedness Series - Tutorial #12

Sources: CDC Vaccination Schedules, WHO Immunization Guidelines, AAP

17

Medical Tutorial #13: Treating Common Illnesses Without Access to Care

Difficulty: Advanced
Time to Complete: 60-90 minutes

:warning: Critical Note

This tutorial is for situations where professional medical care is genuinely inaccessible (remote locations, disaster scenarios). It does NOT replace seeking professional care when available.

RESPIRATORY ILLNESSES

Common Cold:

  • Symptoms: Runny nose, sneezing, sore throat, mild cough
  • Management: Rest, hydration, salt water gargle, honey for cough
  • Resolves in 7-10 days

Influenza (Flu):

  • Symptoms: Sudden onset, high fever (101-104F), body aches, severe fatigue, dry cough
  • Management: Strict rest, aggressive hydration, fever management, isolate
  • Warning: Difficulty breathing, chest pain, confusion, fever >4 days

Bronchitis:

  • Symptoms: Persistent cough with mucus, chest discomfort, wheezing
  • Management: Rest, hydration, humidifier, avoid irritants
  • Usually viral (antibiotics not helpful)

GASTROINTESTINAL ILLNESSES

Viral Gastroenteritis (Stomach Flu):

  • Symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps
  • Management: Oral rehydration solution, BRAT diet, rest

Homemade Oral Rehydration Solution:

  • 1 liter clean water
  • 6 teaspoons sugar
  • 1/2 teaspoon salt

Warning Signs: Blood in vomit/stool, severe dehydration, fever >102F, symptoms >3 days

SKIN CONDITIONS

Cellulitis:

  • Red, swollen, warm, painful, spreading
  • Management: Keep clean, warm compresses, elevate
  • Often requires antibiotics

Abscess/Boil:

  • Painful swollen lump, may have pus
  • Management: Warm compresses 3-4x daily, keep covered
  • Do NOT squeeze or puncture

FEVER MANAGEMENT

Treat If: Fever causing discomfort, >102F, history of febrile seizures

Methods:

  • Hydration (critical)
  • Light clothing
  • Cool compresses
  • Lukewarm sponge bath

Medications (If Available):

  • Acetaminophen: 500-1000mg every 6 hours (max 4000mg/day)
  • Ibuprofen: 400-600mg every 6-8 hours (max 2400mg/day)

WHEN TO SEEK CARE

Try to Seek Care For:

  • Difficulty breathing
  • Chest pain
  • Severe dehydration
  • High fever with stiff neck
  • Confusion or altered mental status
  • Signs of sepsis
  • Worsening infection

Medical Preparedness Series - Tutorial #13

Sources: WHO Home Care Guidelines, CDC Self-Care, Where There Is No Doctor

18

Medical Tutorial #14: Bug Out vs Shelter In Place - Medical Decision Framework

Difficulty: Advanced
Time to Complete: 60-90 minutes

Overview

One of the most critical emergency decisions is whether to evacuate or shelter in place. Medical considerations often determine which option is safer.

DECISION FRAMEWORK

Shelter In Place When:

  • Home is structurally sound and safe
  • Utilities still functional (or backup available)
  • Medical equipment requires power (and backup exists)
  • Family members have limited mobility
  • Large medication/supply inventory at home
  • Evacuation route is dangerous or blocked

Evacuate When:

  • Home is damaged or unsafe
  • Utilities failed with no backup
  • Medical equipment needs power (no backup)
  • Contamination risk (chemical, radiological, biological)
  • Fire approaching or flood waters rising
  • Medical care needed and local hospitals overwhelmed
  • Ordered to evacuate by authorities

MEDICAL CONSIDERATIONS

Conditions Favoring Shelter:

  • Oxygen dependent (equipment bulky, power needed)
  • Dialysis (daily/weekly treatments)
  • Limited mobility (travel difficult)
  • Large medication supply at home
  • Immunocompromised (exposure risk during travel)

Conditions Favoring Evacuation:

  • Power-dependent equipment (no backup)
  • Temperature sensitive (no HVAC)
  • Need regular medical care (local unavailable)
  • Severe allergies (contamination risk)

MEDICAL GO-BAG ESSENTIALS

Medications:

  • 1-week supply of all prescriptions
  • Copy of medication list
  • Provider/pharmacy contacts

Supplies:

  • First aid kit
  • Medical equipment (glucose monitor, BP cuff)
  • Backup batteries/power banks
  • Copies of medical records

Documents:

  • Insurance cards (copies)
  • Medical power of attorney
  • Advance directives

SHELTER IN PLACE MEDICAL KIT

Power Backup:

  • Generator (tested, fuel stored)
  • Battery packs for devices
  • Car charger for devices
  • Manual alternatives

Medication Storage:

  • Cool storage for temperature-sensitive meds
  • Ice packs and cooler for emergencies

Water:

  • Extra for medication administration
  • Water for cleaning equipment
  • Water for hygiene

SPECIAL POPULATIONS

Elderly: Multiple conditions, temperature sensitive, mobility limitations - Shelter if safe, evacuate early if needed

Infants/Children: Temperature regulation, specific dosing, formula needs - Plan for both scenarios

Disabled: Accessibility, equipment dependencies, caregiver needs - Register with emergency services

Chronically Ill: Condition-specific planning, backup medication sources - Individualized plan with provider

EVACUATION PLANNING

Before Leaving:

  • Take ALL medications (dont leave any)
  • Bring medical records
  • Charge all devices
  • Pack equipment securely

During Travel:

  • Take medications on schedule
  • Monitor conditions
  • Stay hydrated
  • Know hospitals along route

At Destination:

  • Locate nearest hospitals/urgent care
  • Find pharmacies
  • Maintain medication schedule

Medical Preparedness Series - Tutorial #14

Sources: FEMA Emergency Planning, CDC Shelter Guidelines, Red Cross Disaster Preparedness

19

Medical Tutorial #15: Building a Complete Family Medical Plan

Difficulty: Advanced
Time to Complete: 3-5 hours (initial setup)

FAMILY MEDICAL PROFILES

Create Profile for Each Member:

  • Full name, DOB, blood type
  • Emergency contacts (primary, secondary, tertiary)
  • Healthcare providers (PCP, specialists, dentist, pharmacy)
  • Allergies, medications, conditions
  • Immunization records

PROVIDER NETWORK

Build Your Network:

  • Primary care physician (primary + backup)
  • Pediatrician (if applicable)
  • Dentist
  • Key specialists
  • Urgent care locations
  • Hospital preferences
  • Pharmacy

For Each: Name, address, phone, after-hours contact, insurance accepted

INSURANCE DOCUMENTATION

Keep Copies Of:

  • Insurance cards (front/back)
  • Policy documents
  • HSA/FSA information
  • Explanation of benefits

Track: Deductibles, out-of-pocket maximums, coverage limits

EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

Step 1: Assess - Life-threatening? Call 911?
Step 2: Assign Roles - Who provides aid? Who calls? Who cares for kids?
Step 3: Gather - Medical binder, insurance, medications
Step 4: Communicate - Notify contacts, update family

MEDICATION MANAGEMENT

Track: Member, medication, dose, frequency, prescriber, refill date
Storage: Cool, dry, away from children, original containers
Rotation: Track expirations, use oldest first, emergency backup supply

SPECIAL NEEDS

Infants: Pediatrician contact, immunization schedule, formula plan
Chronic Conditions: Action plans, emergency protocols, backup medications
Elderly: Multiple meds, mobility, advance directives, POA
Mental Health: Therapist contacts, crisis hotlines, crisis action plan

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS

Who Has Access:

  • All adult family members
  • Emergency contacts
  • Primary care providers
  • Out-of-area contact

Storage:

  • Physical binder (fireproof)
  • Digital copies (encrypted)
  • Phone medical IDs
  • Copies in vehicles

MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE

Monthly: Check medication supplies, verify contacts
Quarterly: Update profiles, check insurance status
Annually: Complete review, practice scenarios, update directives
After Events: New diagnosis, medication, provider, insurance, or move

Medical Preparedness Series - Tutorial #15 (Complete Family Medical Plan)

Sources: American Red Cross, CDC Family Emergency Planning, AAP

20

Medical Preparedness Series: Complete Reference Guide & Index

Difficulty: All Levels
Time to Complete: Reference Guide

Complete Medical Tutorial Index

Tutorial Topic Difficulty
#1 First Aid Kit Essentials Beginner
#2 Wound Care & Infection Prevention Intermediate
#3 Building Medical Preparedness Plan Intermediate
#4 CPR & Rescue Breathing Basics Intermediate
#5 Treating Burns, Fractures, Sprains Intermediate
#6 Survival Medicine: Improvising Supplies Advanced
#7 Dental Emergency Management Intermediate
#8 Mental Health in Crisis Intermediate
#9 Medical Record Backup & Portability Beginner
#10 Prescription Medication Stockpiling Intermediate
#11 Recognizing Emergency Warning Signs Beginner
#12 Vaccination & Immunity Basics Beginner
#13 Treating Illnesses Without Care Advanced
#14 Bug Out vs Shelter In Place Advanced
#15 Building Family Medical Plan Advanced

Emergency Warning Signs (Call 911)

  • Chest pain or pressure (heart attack)
  • Stroke signs (FAST: Face drooping, Arm weakness, Speech difficulty, Time to call)
  • Severe bleeding (spurting, wont stop)
  • Not breathing or severe breathing difficulty
  • Unconscious or unresponsive
  • Seizure more than 5 minutes
  • Severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis)
  • Major trauma

First Aid Kit Essentials

Basic: Bandages, gauze, tape, antiseptic wipes, antibiotic ointment, tweezers, thermometer, pain relievers, antihistamines

Advanced: Tourniquet, hemostatic gauze, SAM splints, triangular bandages, irrigation syringes

Adult Vaccinations

  • Tdap/Td: Every 10 years
  • Flu: Annual
  • COVID-19: As recommended
  • Shingles: 2 doses after 50
  • Pneumococcal: Age 65+ or high-risk

Medication Quick Reference

Pain/Fever:

  • Acetaminophen: 500-1000mg every 6 hours (max 4000mg/day)
  • Ibuprofen: 400-600mg every 6-8 hours (max 2400mg/day)

Allergies:

  • Diphenhydramine: 25-50mg every 4-6 hours
  • Loratadine: 10mg daily

Emergency Numbers

  • Emergency: 911
  • Poison Control: 1-800-222-1222
  • Suicide Prevention: 988
  • Crisis Text Line: Text HOME to 741741

Training Recommendations

All Adults:

  • CPR/AED certification (renew every 2 years)
  • Basic first aid course
  • Bleeding control (Stop the Bleed)

Additional:

  • Wilderness First Aid
  • Pediatric first aid (parents)
  • Mental health first aid

Medical Preparedness Series - Complete Reference Guide

Compiled from 15 tutorials by Vivaed @ endscenar.io

Sources: American Red Cross, AHA, CDC, FEMA, WHO, Wilderness Medical Society